Supervisi dalam Praktik Psikologi pada Pendidikan Profesi: Metode Delphi
Main Article Content
Abstract
In the professional education of psychologists, supervision is carried out on students with the aim of getting an idea of how a psychologist practices so that prospective psychologists can provide quality services to clients. The many challenges that will be faced by supervisors in psychology professional education are the basis for the development of supervision for students during professional education. In addition, documents and literature that can be used as a basis for supervision in professional education in Indonesia are still limited. The delphi method was used to facilitate a panel of 26 experts who are active lecturers in the Psychology Study Program or practitioners with at least a master's degree with a minimum of seven years of practice experience and a minimum of five years of experience supervising students to assess issues related to supervision in psychology practice in professional education. This research raised three important themes in supervision, namely: 1) the definition of supervision; 2) what is supervised; 3) how supervision is conducted through expert agreement. In the process, three other important themes were found, namely: 4) the roles of supervisors and students; 5) the principles of the relationship between supervisors and students; and 6) factors that influence the effectiveness of supervision. The results showed that the expert panel agreed on the implementation of supervision based on these six themes.
Downloads
Article Details
Section

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
American Psychological Association. (2014). Guidelines for Clinical Supervision in Health Service Psychology. Retrieved from http://apa.org/about/policy/guidelines-supervision.pdf.
Ansori, A., Supriyanto, A., & Burhanuddin, B. (2016). Pelaksanaan supervisi klinis dalam meningkatkan kinerja guru sekolah dasar. Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan, 1(12), 2321–2326. https://doi.org/10.17977/jp.v1i12.8285
Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC). (2016). Assessing supervisor competency.
Barrett, J., Gonsalvez, C. J., & Shires, A. (2019). Evidence‐based practice within supervision during psychology practitioner training: A systematic review. Clinical Psychologist. doi:10.1111/cp.12196
Beddoe, L., & Howard, F. (2012). Interprofessional supervision in social work and psychology: Mandates and (inter)professional relationships. The Clinical Supervisor, 31(2), 178–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2013.730471
Beiderbeck, D., Frevel, N., von der Gracht, H. A., Schmidt, S. L., & Schweitzer, V. M. (2021). Preparing, conducting, and analyzing delphi surveys: Cross-disciplinary practices, new directions, and advancements. MethodsX, 101401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2021.101401
Bennett, S., & Deal, K. H. (2009). Beginnings and Endings in Social Work Supervision: The Interaction Between Attachment and Developmental Processes. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 29(1), 101–117. doi:10.1080/08841230802238179
Blanton, J. S. (2014). Supervision practices in consulting and industrial-organizational psychology doctoral programs and consulting firms. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 66(1), 53–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035681
Bleiklie, I. (2005). Organizing higher education in a knowledge society. Higher Education, 49(1/2), 31-59. doi:10.1007/s10734-004-2913-7.
Bodner, K. E., (2012). Ethical principles and standards that inform educational gatekeeping practices in psychology. Ethics and Behavior, 22, 60-74. doi: 10.1080/10508422.2012.638827.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Callicott, K., & Leadbetter, J. (2013). An investigation of factors involved when educational psychologists supervise other professionals. Educational Psychology in Practice, 29(4), 383-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/02667363.2013.853649
Chalmers, J. & Armour, M. (2019). The Delphi Technique. In P. Liamputtong (Ed.). Handbook of research methods in health social sciences. Springer.
Deane, F. P., Gonsalvez, C., Blackman, R. J., Saffioti, D., & Andresen, R. (2015). Issues in the development of e‐supervision in professional psychology: A review. Australian Psychologist, 50(3), 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12107
Davys, A. M., O’Connell, M., May, J., & Burns, B. (2016). Evaluation of professional supervision in Aotearoa/New Zealand: An interprofessional study. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 26(3), 249–258. doi:10.1111/inm.12254
Dekker-Groen, A. M., Marieke F., S., & Stokking, K. M. (2011). Teacher competences required for developing reflection skills of nursing students. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(7), 1568-1579. doi:10.1111/j.1365
Ellis, M. V., Berger, L., Hanus, A. E., Ayala, E. E., Swords, B. A., & Siembor, M. (2014). Inadequate and Harmful Clinical Supervision. The Counseling Psychologist, 42(4), 434–472. doi:10.1177/0011000013508656.
Emerson, R. W. (2023). Kendall's W and inter-rater reliability. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 117(4), 336. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X231188882
European Federation of Psychologists’ Associations (EFPA). (2023). EuroPsy: European certificate in psychology regulations (Version 2.0).
Falender, C. A. (2014). Clinical supervision in a competency-based era. South African Journal of Psychology, 44(1), 6–17. doi:10.1177/0081246313516260
Falender, C. A., Cornish, J. A. E., Goodyear, R., Hatcher, R., Kaslow, N. J., Leventhal, G., & Sigmon, S. T. (2004). Defining competencies in psychology supervision: A consensus statement. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60(7), 771–785. doi:10.1002/jclp.20013.
Falender, C. A., & Shafranske, E. P. (2004). Clinical supervision: A competency-based approach. American Psychological Association.
Falender, C. A., & Shafranske, E. P. (2007). Competence in competence-based supervision practice: Construct and application Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(3), 232–240. DOI: 10.1037/0735-7028.38.3.232.
Falender, C. A., & Shafranske, E. P. (2017). Supervision essentials for the practice of competency-based supervision. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/15962-000
Field, A. P. (2005). Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance. Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science. doi:10.1002/0470013192.bsa327
Gisev, N., Bell, J. S., & Chen, T. F. (2013). Interrater agreement and interrater reliability: Key concepts, approaches, and applications. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 9(3), 330–338. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.04.004
Green, D., & Dye, L. (2002). How should we best train clinical psychology supervisors? A Delphi survey. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 2(2), 108–114. https://doi.org/10.2304/plat.2002.2.2.108
Haggerty, G., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2011). The use of video in psychotherapy supervision. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 27, 193-210.doi:10.1111/j.1752-0118.2011.01232.x
Halpern, H., & McKimm, J. (2009). Supervision. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 70(4), 226–229. doi:10.12968/hmed.2009.70.4.41628
Hawkins, P., & Shohet, R. (1994). Supervision in the helping professions. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Hawkins, P., & Smith, N. (2006). Coaching, mentoring and organizational consultancy. Maidenhead and New York: Open University Press.
IFRC. (2021). Supervision: The Missing Link. Delphi consensus-building study on best practices in supervision of MHPSS and protection intervention in emergency. USAID.
Jing Yu, T., Jin Xiu, C., Tao, W., Xian Liang, L., Li Qun, Y., Feng, D., & Yu Jie, W. (2013). Preliminary curriculum design baccalaureate nursing education in traditional Chinese medicine universities: a Delphi Survey. Macau Journal Of Nursing, 12(2), 7-6.
Johnson, W. B. (2007). Transformational supervision: When supervisors mentor. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(3), 259–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.38.3.259
Johnson, W. B., & Kaslow, N. (2014). The oxford handbook of education and training in professional psychology. Oxford University Press.
Keputusan Bersama Asosiasi Penyelenggara Pendidikan Tinggi Psikologi Indonesia (AP2TPI) Nomor 002/Kep/AP2TPI/SI/I/2024 tentang Standar Kurikulum Program Studi Psikologi Profesi Psikologi.
Keputusan Bersama Asosiasi Penyelenggara Pendidikan Tinggi Psikologi Indonesia (AP2TPI) Nomor 05/Kep/AP2TPI/2017 dengan Himpunan Psikologi Indonesia (HIMPSI) Nomor 006/SK/PP-Himpsi/IV/17 tentang Kurikulum Program Studi Psikologi Profesi (S2).
Ladany N., Mori Y., & Mehr, K. E. (2013). Effective and ineffective supervision. The Counseling Psychologist, 41(1), 28–47. 10.1177/0011000012442648.
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). An application of hierarchical kappa-type statistics in the assessment of majority agreement among multiple observers. Biometrics, 363-374. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529786
Lee, S., Denniston, C., Edouard, V., Palermo, C., Pope, K., Sutton, K., Waller, S., Ward, B., & Rees, C. (2019). Supervision training interventions in the health and human services: realist synthesis protocol. BMJ Open, 9(5), e025777. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025777
Mehr, K. E., Ladany, N., & Caskie, G. I. L. (2010). Trainee nondisclosure in supervision: What are they not telling you?. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 10(2), 103–113. doi:10.1080/14733141003712301.
Milne, D. L. (2009). Evidence-based clinical supervision: Principles and practice. Wiley-Blackwell.
National Association of School Psychologists. (2011). Supervision in school psychology [Position statement]. Bethesda, MD: Author.
Niederberger, M., & Renn, O. (2023). Delphi methods in the social and health sciences: Concepts, applications and case studies. Springer.
Ningdyah, A. E. M. (2018) Indonesian professional psychology education curricula: a mixed-methods study. PhD Thesis, James Cook University.
O’Donovan, A., Halford, W. K., & Walters, B. (2011). Towards Best Practice Supervision of Clinical Psychology Trainees. Australian Psychologist, 46(2), 101–112. doi:10.1111/j.1742-9544.2011.00033.x
Pemerintah Indonesia. Undang-Undang (UU) Nomor 23 Tahun 2022 tentang Pendidikan dan Layanan Psikologi. Kementerian Sekretaris Negara SK No. 152083 A. Jakarta.
Pettifor, J., McCarron, M. C. E., Schoepp, G., Stark, C., & Stewart, D. (2011). Ethical supervision in teaching, research, practice, and administration. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 52(3), 198–205. doi:10.1037/a0024549
Psychological Society of Ireland. (2024). Supervision guidelines for psychologists (Versi 3, pembaruan Oktober 2024).
Purgason L. L., Lloyd-Hazlett, J., & Harris J. R. A. (2018). Mentoring counselor education atudents: A Delphi study with leaders in the field. Journal of Counselor Leadership and Advocacy, DOI: 10.1080/2326716X.2018.1452080
Ramos-Sánchez, L., Esnil, E., Goodwin, A., Riggs, S., Touster, L. O., Wright, L. K., … Rodolfa, E. (2002). Negative supervisory events: Effects on supervision and supervisory alliance. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(2), 197–202. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.33.2.197.
Republik Indonesia. (2003). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2003 Nomor 78.
Rees, C. E., Lee, S. L., Huang, E., Denniston, C., Edouard, V., Pope, K., … Palermo, C. (2019). Supervision training in healthcare: a realist synthesis. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 25(3), 523–561. doi:10.1007/s10459-019-09937-x
Riva, M. T., & Smith, R. D. (2024). Beyond the dyad: Broadening the APA supervision guidelines to include group supervision. Psychotherapy, 61(2), 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000525
Rodolfa, E., Bent, R., Eisman, E., Nelson, P., Rehm, L., & Ritchie, P. (2005). A cube model for competency development: Implications for psychology educators and regulators. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(4), 347–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.4.347
Shafira, N. N. A., & Syauqy, A. (2019). Supervisi klinik stase mayor pada Rumah Sakit Pendidikan Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Jambi. Jambi Medical Journal, 7(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.22437/jmj.v7i1.7112
Simon, D. J., & Swerdlik, M. E. (2017). Supervision in school psychology: The developmental, ecological, problem-solving model. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Supratman, S., & Sudaryanto, A. (2008). Model-model supervisi keperawatan klinik. Berita Ilmu Keperawatan, 1(4), 193–196.
Sutherland, C. R., & Chur-Hansen, A. (2014). Knowledge, skills and attitudes of rural and remote psychologists. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 22(6), 273–279. doi:10.1111/ajr.12152.
Sutter, E., McPherson, R. H., & Geeseman, R. (2002). Contracting for supervision. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(5), 495–498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.33.5.495
(Tim Pelatihan Supervisor AP2TPI, komunikasi pribadi, 9-10 Juli, 2024).
Tugendrajch, S. K., Sheerin, K. M., Andrews, J. H., Reimers, R., Marriott, B. R., Cho, E., & Hawley, K. M. (2021). What is the evidence for supervision best practices?. The Clinical Supervisor, 40(1), 68–87. doi:10.1080/07325223.2021.1887785.
Zulfa, U. (2020). Supervisi pendidikan di Indonesia (Cet. ke-2, revisi). Ihya Media.