Dinamika Gender dalam Hubungan Pola Asuh dan Kecerdasan Emosional Anak
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to examine the causal relationships between parental educational styles and emotional intelligence among elementary school students in Purwokerto, with a specific focus on gender differences. Using a cross-sectional and non-experimental design, data were collected from 647 students aged 10–12 years through validated questionnaires on emotional intelligence and parental educational styles. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to test the theoretical model. The results showed that maternal affection and communication positively predicted emotional recognition, control, and empathy, while paternal criticism negatively influenced emotional recognition. Interestingly, maternal criticism was positively associated with emotional recognition, particularly among female students, suggesting heightened emotional vigilance. Multigroup analysis revealed gender-specific dynamics: boys were more influenced by paternal involvement in emotional regulation, whereas girls were more sensitive to maternal affective communication. These findings highlight the differentiated roles of fathers and mothers in shaping children’s emotional intelligence and emphasize the importance of considering gender in family-based interventions.
Downloads
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Abu-Bader, S., & Jones, T. V. (2025). Structural equation modeling: Principles, assumptions, and practical application using SPSS Amos. International Journal of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods, 13(1), 12–31. https://doi.org/10.37745/ijqqrm.13/vol13n11231
Al-Adsani, L. A. (2025). The Role of parental psychological resilience in predicting children’s emotional competence in the kingdom of saudi arabia. Journal of Posthumanism, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.63332/joph.v5i5.1824
Alismail, A. M., & Aladsani, L. A. (2026). The interrelationships between parental wisdom, psychological resilience, and their children’s emotional competence: a network analysis in the family context. Frontiers in Psychology, 17, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1709744
Almeida, F. (2025). Structural equation modeling: Steps and analysis. On Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Education (Vol. 2025, Number 4).
Amellia, N., & Putri, Y. S. E. (2025). Hubungan kelekatan orang tua-anak dengan regulasi emosi pada remaja di jakarta. Jurnal Persatuan Perawat Nasional Indonesia (JPPNI), 10(2), 202. https://doi.org/10.32419/jppni.v10i2.700
Aninditha, R., & Boediman, L. M. (2021). father involvement as moderator: does father’s emotional regulation influence preschooler’s emotional regulation? / keterlibatan ayah sebagai moderator: apakah regulasi emosi ayah memengaruhi regulasi emosi anak prasekolah? Psikoislamika : Jurnal Psikologi Dan Psikologi Islam, 18(1), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.18860/psikoislamika.v18i1.12121
Arévalo-Martínez, F. J., Vílchez-Conesa, P., Melguizo-Ibáñez, E., & Ortiz-Franco, M. A. (2026). A structural equation model of the mediating and moderating role of gender in the relationship between parental educational styles and emotional intelligence in physical education. BMC Psychology, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03824-4
Bersabé, R., Fuentes, M. J., & Motrico, E. (2001). Análisis psicométrico de dos escalas para evaluar estilos educativos parentales. Psicothema, 13(4), 678-684.
Cao, Z., Kang, X., & Wu, Y. (2026). Structural pathways from emotional intelligence to psychological well-being: evidence of gender differences among Chinese young adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1811687
Clarissa Rasyid, G., Mertojoyo Blk, J. I., Lowokwaru, K., Malang, K., Timur, J., & Penulis, K. (2025). Pengaruh interaksi orang tua terhadap perkembangan emosional anak. Observasi : Jurnal Publikasi Ilmu Psikologi, 3(2), 367–375. https://doi.org/10.61132/observasi.v3i2.1370
Doğan, Ö., & Ünal, B. (2024). Refining the assessment literacy competence among K12 EFL teachers. Participatory Educational Research, 11(4), 250–266. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.24.59.11.4
Fuentes, M. C., García-Ros, R., Pérez-González, F., & Sancerni, D. (2019). Effects of parenting styles on self-regulated learning and academic stress in Spanish adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152778
Gabilondo, A., González Rodríguez, J., Palacios, M., Moreno, M., Galarraga, A., & Estrada, C. (2010). Original validation of the competitive state anxiety inventory 2 (CSAI-2 RE) through a web application. [Nama jurnal perlu dipastikan], 12(47), 539–556.
Fuentes, M., Garcia, O., Gracia, E., Serra, E., & Garcia, F. (2020). Parenting warmth and strictness across three generations: Parenting styles and psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207487
Goagoses, N., Bolz, T., Eilts, J., Schipper, N., Schütz, J., Rademacher, A., Vesterling, C., & Koglin, U. (2023). Parenting dimensions/styles and emotion dysregulation in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Current Psychology, 42(22), 18798–18822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03037-7
Hall, J. A., Gunnery, S. D., & Schlegel, K. (2025). Gender and Accuracy in Decoding Affect Cues: A Meta-Analysis. In Journal of Intelligence (Vol. 13, Number 3). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence13030038
Ji, X., Zhang, Y., Zuo, Y., Ji, C., Xu, Y., Jin, P., & Wang, M. (2026). Parental intelligence and preschoolers’ social competence: the mediating role of parental attachment behavior and the moderating effect of parent gender—A multi-informant study. Frontiers in Developmental Psychology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdpys.2026.1814467
Kohn, N., Morawetz, C., Weymar, M., Yuan, J., & Dolcos, F. (2021). Editorial: cognitive control of emotions in challenging contexts. In Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience (Vol. 15). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.785875
Kusaini, U. N., Rimulawati, V., Saputra, N., Sari, D. K., & Sariyati, S. (2024). Peran ibu dalam menjaga keseimbangan emosional keluarga. Menara Ilmu: Jurnal Penelitian dan Kajian Ilmiah, 18(1), 26–35.
Lim, W. M. (2025). What is quantitative research? an overview and guidelines. Australasian Marketing Journal, 33(3), 325–348. https://doi.org/10.1177/14413582241264622
Lochbaum, M., & Arendt, F. (2026). A Meta-Analysis of the CSAI-2 and CSAI-2R with objective sport performance from 1985–2026. In Sports (Vol. 14, Number 8). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14080334
Ma, H., Liu, L., Huang, S., Yin, Z., & Liu, T. (2026). Positive parenting style and academic burnout in physical education teacher education students: a chain mediating model of physical activity and meaning in life. Frontiers in Psychology, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1854548
Mhuirí, S. N., Farrell, T., French, G., Mccormack, M., & Shiel, C. (2022). Enabling family engagement to support Literacy. Digital Literacy and Numeracy Development for All Children A Review of the Literature. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5008-5573
Monica, T., Solehuddin, M., & Akhmad, S. N. (2021). Emotional intelligence and gender difference in elementary school: A systematic literature review. OPTIMA: Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 1(1), 21–35.
Murillo-Pulido, J. L., Amar-Cantos, F. E., Aguilar-Herrero, M. D., Rodríguez-Cano, A., & Armada-Crespo, J. M. (2025). Emotional intelligence in physical education in primary education: A systematic review. In Healthcare (Switzerland) (Vol. 13, Number 23). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13233166
Nur, S., Lestari, D., Bimbingan, P., Konseling, D., & Yogyakarta, U. N. (2026). Toxic parenting dan dampaknya bagi kesehatan mental remaja. Pandalungan: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan, Bimbingan, Konseling, Dan Multikultural, 4(1), 1–10.
Sathyanarayana, S., & Mohanasundaram, T. (2024). Fit indices in structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis: reporting guidelines. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 24(7), 561–577. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2024/v24i71430
Theresya, J., Latifah, M., & Hernawati, N. (2018). The effect of parenting style, self-efficacy, and self regulated learning on adolescents’ academic achievement. In Journal of Child Development Studies E (Vol. 03, Number 01).
Thümmler, R., Engel, E. M., & Bartz, J. (2022). Strengthening emotional development and emotion regulation in childhood—as a key task in early childhood education. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073978
Trejo, S., & Jannah, I. (2025). The Association between parenting styles and emotional intelligence in early childhood. Journal of Foundational Learning and Child Development, 1(01), 17–21. https://doi.org/10.53905/childdev.v1i01.4
Vasiou, A., Kassis, W., Krasanaki, A., Aksoy, D., Favre, C. A., & Tantaros, S. (2023). Exploring parenting styles patterns and children’s socio-emotional skills. Children, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/children10071126
Wen, Y., Zhu, C., Wei, Y., Chen, T., Li, T., & Wu, X. (2026). How key family factors influence preschool children’s social–emotional competence: threshold effects of parental parenting styles and parent–child interaction quality. Frontiers in Psychology, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1815141
Yu, S., Liao, M., Liu, X., & Li, Y. (2025). The relationship between parenting stress and preschool children’s social–emotional competence: the chain mediating role of parental reflective functioning and parent–child relationship. Frontiers in Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1679084