AN ANALYSIS OF THE MORAL VALUES IN EARTH NOVELBY TERE LIYE
Main Article Content
Abstract
Teaching moral values is essential for students' development. Stories and literature can help to integrate these values by entertaining students while fostering intrinsic motivation. Previous studies have examined moral values in classrooms, novels, films, and textbooks, but there has been little exploration of them in literature from an educational perspective. To address this gap, this study analyzes moral values in Tere Liye's novel Earth using Borba's (2001) theory of building moral intelligence. Through content analysis, the findings reveal that the novel represents all seven main virtues of moral values from Borba's framework, with kindness and empathy as the most prominent and fairness and tolerance receiving the least emphasis. A total of 69 instances were identified: 21 for kindness, 17 for empathy, 13 for respect, 12 for conscience, 4 for self-control, 1 for fairness, and 1 for tolerance. These results suggest that Earth could be used as classroom material to teach moral values, with additional resources emphasizing less prominent values such as fairness and tolerance.
Downloads
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Abrar, M. (2016). Learning from Fables: Moral Values in Three Selected English Stories. Dinamika Ilmu, 47–58. https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v16i1.250
Algoe, S. B. (2012). Find, Remind, and Bind: The Functions of Gratitude in Everyday Relationships. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(6), 455–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00439.x
Attri, M. K. (n.d.). Teacher-student relationships and academic achievement in high school. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 5(6), 5426–5429. Retrieved https://ijrpr.com/uploads/V5ISSUE6/IJRPR30430.pdf
Balakrishnan, V., & Thambu, N. (2017). Using moral and ethical stories to inculcate values among preschoolers. International Journal for Studies on Children, Women, Elderly and Disabled, 2(6), 8–15 Retreive from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317659918
Banks, J., & Smyth, E. (2021). “We Respect Them, and They Respect Us”: The Value of Interpersonal Relationships in Enhancing Student Engagement. Education Sciences, 11(10), 634. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11100634
Beach, M. C., Duggan, P. S., Cassel, C. K., & Geller, G. (2007). What Does ‘Respect’ Mean? Exploring the Moral Obligation of Health Professionals to Respect Patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(5), 692–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-006-0054-7
Berkowitz, M. W., & Bier, M. C. (2007). What Works In Character Education. Journal of Research in Character Education, 5(1), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1108/CE-02-2007-0002
Bilotta, N. (2023). ‘Respect’ and ‘justice’ for whom? Culturally irresponsive ethical practices with refugee communities. International Social Work, 66(3), 817–830. https://doi.org/10.1177/00208728211031967
Binfet, J.-T., & Whitehead, J. (2019). The effect of engagement in a kindness intervention on adolescents’ well-being: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Emotional Education, 11, 33–49.
Blair, C., & Diamond, A. (2008). Biological processes in prevention and intervention: The promotion of self-regulation as a means of preventing school failure. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 899–911. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000436
Borba, M. (n.d.). Building Moral Intelligence. The seven essential virtues that teach kids to do the right thing. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Bortolotti, L. (2015). The epistemic innocence of motivated delusions. Consciousness and Cognition, 33, 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.10.005
Bowen, G. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9, 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
Brownell, J. (2013). Listening: Attitudes, principles, and skills (5th ed). Pearson.
Caldwell, C. (2017). Understanding Kindness – A Moral Duty of Human Resource Leaders. The Journal of Values-Based Leadership, 10. https://doi.org/10.22543/0733.102.1188
Carlo, G., Mestre, V., Samper, P., Tur-Porcar, A., & Armenta, B. (2011). The longitudinal relations among dimensions of parenting styles, sympathy, prosocial moral reasoning, and prosocial behaviors. International Journal of Behavioral Development - INT J BEHAV DEV, 35, 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025410375921
Chowdhury, M. (2016). Emphasizing Morals, Values, Ethics, And Character Education In Science Education And Science Teaching. The Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Science, 4 (2), 1-16. Retrieved January 30, 2026, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301747346_Chowdhury_Mohammad_2016_Emphasizing_Morals_Values_Ethics_And_Character_Education_In_Science_Education_And_Science_Teaching_The_Malaysian_Online_Journal_of_Educational_Science_4_2_1-16
Clarken, R. H. (2010). Considering Moral Intelligence as Part of a Holistic Education. In Online Submission. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED509643
Coan, J. A., Schaefer, H. S., & Davidson, R. J. (2006). Lending a Hand: Social Regulation of the Neural Response to Threat. Psychological Science, 17(12), 1032–1039. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01832.x
Corneo, G., & Jeanne, O. (2009). A theory of tolerance. Journal of Public Economics, 93(5), 691–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.02.005
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. (4th ed.). Boston MA: Pearson.
Datu, J. A. D., & Park, N. (2019). Perceived school kindness and academic engagement: The mediational roles of achievement goal orientations. School Psychology International, 40(5), 456–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034319854474
De Cremer, D., & Mulder, L. B. (2007). A passion for respect: On understanding the role of human needs and morality. Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. Zeitschrift Für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO), 38(4), 439–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11612-007-0036-1
De Mooij, B., Fekkes, M., Scholte, R. H. J., & Overbeek, G. (2020). Effective Components of Social Skills Training Programs for Children and Adolescents in Nonclinical Samples: A Multilevel Meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(2), 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00308-x
Decety, J., & Cowell, J. (2014). The complex relation between morality and empathy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(7), 337-339. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263475388_The_complex_relation_between_morality_and_empathy
Di Norcia, A., Bombi, A. S., Pinto, G., Mascaro, C., & Cannoni, E. (2022). Representation of Friendship and Aggressive Behavior in Primary School Children. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 835672. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.835672
Dielarenza Destelita Wahana Putri & Marudut Bernadtua Simanjuntak. (2022). Analysis of moral values in tere liye’s novel “pulang.” Literacy : International Scientific Journals of Social, Education, Humanities, 1(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.56910/literacy.v1i1.218
Duckworth, A., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Self-Control and Grit: Related but Separable Determinants of Success. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414541462
Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents. Psychological Science, 16(12), 939–944. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01641.x
Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The Impact of Enhancing Students’ Social and Emotional Learning: A Meta-Analysis of School-Based Universal Interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2015). Prosocial development. In Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Socioemotional processes, Vol. 3, 7th ed (pp. 610–656). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy315
Fairclough, N. (2013). Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. Routledge.
Field, T. (2010). Touch for socioemotional and physical well-being: A review. Developmental Review, 30(4), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2011.01.001
George, Dr. I. N., & D. Uyanga, U. (2014). Youth and Moral Values in a Changing Society. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(6), 40–44. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-19614044
Giubilini, A. (2016). Conscience. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/conscience/
Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781
Gunnestad, A., Mørreaunet, S., & Onyango, S. (2015). An international perspective on value learning in the kindergarten – exemplified by the value forgiveness. Early Child Development and Care, 185(11–12), 1894–1911. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2015.1028384
Gürdogan-Bayir, Ö. (2019). A Story-Based Analysis of Elementary Fourth Graders Views on Respecting Differences. Lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 11(4), 403–411. https://doi.org/10.26822/iejee.2019450798
Hake, A. B., & Post, S. G. (2023). Kindness: Definitions and a pilot study for the development of a kindness scale in healthcare. PLOS ONE, 18(7), e0288766. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288766
Hastuti, E., Safitri, K. A., & Oswari, T. (2023). An Analysis of Moral Values in The Alchemist Novel. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 06(05). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i5-90
Heigham, J., & Croker, R. A. (Eds.). (2009). Qualitative research in applied linguistics: A practical introduction. Palgrave Macmillan.
Helendra. (2017). THE MORAL VALUES ON ENGLISH TEXTBOOK (A Content Analysis of English Textbooks for Junior High School Students .Published by the Ministry of Education and Culture) [masterThesis]. https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/36050
Howell, A. J., Dopko, R. L., Turowski, J. B., & Buro, K. (2011). Corrigendum to “The disposition to apologize” [Personality and Individual Differences 51 (2011) 509–514]. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8), 1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.08.008
Ioannidou, F., & Konstantikaki, V. (2008). Empathy and Emotional intelligence: What is it really about. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 1.
Irmawati, I., & Kemal, I. (2023). Analisis pesan moral pada novel bumi karya tere liye. Bahastra: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia, 7(2), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.30743/bahastra.v7i2.6850
Jennings, P. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). The Prosocial Classroom: Teacher Social and Emotional Competence in Relation to Student and Classroom Outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 491–525. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308325693
Jones, D. E., Greenberg, M., & Crowley, M. (2015). Early Social-Emotional Functioning and Public Health: The Relationship Between Kindergarten Social Competence and Future Wellness. American Journal of Public Health, 105(11), 2283–2290. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302630
Juvonen, J., & Graham, S. (2014). Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims. Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1), 159–185. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030
Kaur, S. (2019). Moral values in education. Tạp Chí Nghiên Cứu Dân Tộc, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.25073/0866-773X/263
Kemendikbud. (2024). Kemendikbud Ristek Dorong Pemanfaatan Bacaan Sastra dalam Kurikulum. https://bbpmpjatim.kemendikdasmen.go.id/main/kemendikbud-ristek-dorong-pemanfaatan-bacaan-sastra-dalam-kurikulum-merdeka/
Knapp, M. L., & Hall, J. A. (2009). Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction. Cengage Learning.
Kong, D., Zou, M., & Chen, J. (2022). English as a foreign language teacher engagement with culturally responsive teaching in rural schools: Insights from China. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.990363
Kristanti, V., & Maisarah, I. (2023). Analysis of Moral Values In Walt Disney Pictures and Pixar Animation Studios’ Luca. Journal of English for Specific Purposes in Indonesia, 2(1), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.33369/espindonesia.v1i2.26089
KumparanNews. (n.d.). Bukan Korsel, Kasus Bullying Terbanyak Justru di Filipina dan Indonesia. kumparan. Retrieved January 30, 2026, from https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/bukan-korsel-kasus-bullying-terbanyak-justru-di-filipina-dan-indonesia-202M2nZq7mD
Kusramadhani, S., Nirwanto, R., & Widiastuty, H. (2022). Moral values in english textbook: “when english rings a bell.” PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education), 5(2), 344. https://doi.org/10.22460/project.v5i2.p344-353
Laetz, B., & Johnston, J. J. (2008). What is Fantasy? Philosophy and Literature, 32(1), 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1353/phl.0.0013
Layous, K., Lee, H., Choi, I., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). Culture Matters When Designing a Successful Happiness-Increasing Activity: A Comparison of the United States and South Korea. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(8), 1294–1303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113487591
Lee, C. (2012). Korean Culture And Its Influence on Business Practice in South Korea. https://www.academia.edu/91480400/Korean_Culture_And_Its_Influence_on_Business_Practice_in_South_Korea
Lennick, D., & Ph.D, F. K. (2011). Moral Intelligence 2.0: Enhancing Business Performance and Leadership Success in Turbulent Times. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Lohmeyer, B., & Threadgold, S. (2023). Bullying affects: The affective violence and moral orders of school bullying. Critical Studies in Education, 64(5), 479–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2023.2193421
Lombardi, L. G. & Center for Environmental Philosophy, The University of North Texas. (1983). Inherent Worth, Respect, and Rights: Environmental Ethics, 5(3), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics19835329
Mahendra, M. Y. I., & Amelia, D. (2020). Moral values analysis in the fault in our stars novel by john green. Linguistics and Literature Journal, 1(2), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.33365/llj.v1i2.302
Manlove, C. N. (2020). Modern Fantasy: Five Studies. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Mazzoni, G. (n.d.). Theory of the Novel. Harvard University Press. Retrieved January 30, 2026, from https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674333727
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
Mikami, A. Y., Smit, S., & Khalis, A. (2017). Social Skills Training and ADHD—What Works? Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(12), 93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0850-2
Mlčochová, M. V. (2014.). Morals in fantasy fiction as a process of self exploration (Doctoral dissertation, Masaryk University, Faculty of Education).
Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Roberts, B. W., Ross, S., Sears, M. R., Thomson, W. M., & Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693–2698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010076108
Narr, R. K., Allen, J. P., Tan, J. S., & Loeb, E. L. (2019). Close Friendship Strength and Broader Peer Group Desirability as Differential Predictors of Adult Mental Health. Child Development, 90(1), 298–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12905
Narvaez, D., & Lapsley, D. K. (2009). Chapter 8 Moral Identity, Moral Functioning, and the Development of Moral Character. In Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 50, pp. 237–274). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)00408-8
Natalia, T. (n.d.). Minim Baca, Anak-anak Indonesia Darurat Literasi! CNBC Indonesia. Retrieved January 30, 2026, from https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/research/20241214152735-128-595993/minim-baca-anak-anak-indonesia-darurat-literasi
Nichols, M. P. (2009). The Lost Art of Listening, Second Edition: How Learning to Listen Can Improve Relationships. Guilford Press.
Nucci, L., & Narvaez, D. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of Moral and Character Education (0 ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203931431
Ota, T., Takeda, T., & Kamagahara, Y. (2016). The Difference in Movement of Experienced and in Experienced Persons in Japanese Bowing. Energy Procedia, 89, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.05.007
Paramole, O. C., Adeoye, M. A., Arowosaye, S. A., & Ibikunle, Y. A. (2024). The Impact of Active Listening on Student Engagement and Learning Outcomes in Educational Settings. International Journal of Universal Education, 2(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.33084/ijue.v2i2.8898
Patel, M. S. (2021). Moral Intelligence: A Conceptual Framework and School Implications. RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 6(8). https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2021.v06.i08.004
Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia. (n.d.). SIBI - Sistem Informasi Perbukuan Indonesia. Retrieved February 1, 2026, from https://buku.kemendikdasmen.go.id
Putra, S. P. (2019). The representation of moral values embedded in the efl textbook for senior high school: a micro-semiotic analysis. University of Jember, Indonesia. Retrieved from http://repository.unej.ac.id/handle/123456789/100570
Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., Maes, M., & Verhagen, M. (2015). Loneliness Across the Life Span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615568999
Rahiem, M. D. H., Abdullah, N. S. M., & Rahim, H. (2020). Stories and Storytelling for Moral Education: Kindergarten Teachers’ Best Practices. Journal of Early Childhood Education (JECE), 2(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.15408/jece.v2i1.15511
Rasoal, C., Eklund, J., & Hansen, E. M. (2011). Toward a conceptualization of ethnocultural empathy. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 5(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099278
Rennie, L. (2007). Values of science portrayed in out-of-school Contexts (pp. 197–212). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789087901677_017
Riess, H. (2017). The Science of Empathy. Journal of Patient Experience, 4(2), 74–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/2374373517699267
ROESER, R. W., URDAN, T. C., & STEPHENS, J. M. (2009). School as a Context of Student Motivation and Achievement. In Handbook of Motivation at School. Routledge.
Roorda, D. L., Koomen, H. M. Y., Spilt, J. L., & Oort, F. J. (2011). The Influence of Affective Teacher–Student Relationships on Students’ School Engagement and Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Approach. Review of Educational Research, 81(4), 493–529. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654311421793
Rosen, P. J., Vaughn, A. J., Epstein, J. N., Hoza, B., Arnold, L. E., Hechtman, L., Molina, B. S. G., & Swanson, J. M. (2014). Social Self‐Control, Externalizing Behavior, and Peer Liking Among Children with ADHD‐CT: A Mediation Model. Social Development, 23(2), 288–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12046
Rosenstand, N. (n.d.). ebook_The Moral of the Story An Introduction to Ethics by Nina Rosenstand (z-lib.org). Retrieved February 1, 2026, from https://fliphtml5.com/dyclx/qrli/ebook_The_Moral_of_the_Story_An_Introduction_to_Ethics_by_Nina_Rosenstand_%28z-lib.org%29/5/
Saleh, K. (2018). Moral Intelligence and its Role in Formulating Children Characters. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Moral-Intelligence-and-its-Role-in-Formulating-Saleh/bab8ff14045b86cd296ed25ad3a92d3a8990789e
Schonert-Reichl, K. (2011). Promoting Children’s Prosocial Behaviors in School: Impact of the “Roots of Empathy” Program on the Social and Emotional Competence of School-Aged Children. School Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12310-011-9064-7
Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2017). Social and Emotional Learning and Teachers. The Future of Children, 27(1), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2017.0007
Smith, J. (2017). What is empathy for? Synthese, 194(3), 709–722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-015-0771-8
Sugiyanto, R. (2015.). Revealing meaning of characters' utterances on J.K. Rowling's novel of Harry Potter and The Goblet of Fire Using Speech Act Theory University of Jember, Indonesia. Retrieved from http://repository.unej.ac.id/handle/123456789/65581
Susana, E. (2018). Moral Value in Charlotte Bronte’s Novel Jane Eyre. KnE Social Sciences, 3(4), 287. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i4.1940
Szafran, J., & Cwojdzińska, A. (2021). Kindness as an important element of social emotional education at school: Translation and initial validation of the Polish version of the School Kindness Scale – a preliminary study. Family Upbringing, 25(2), 219–237. https://doi.org/10.61905/wwr/170387
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High Self‐Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
Tere-Liye, & Westaway, G. (2020). Earth (Third edition). Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Thambu, N. (2017). Storytelling and Story Reading: A Catalyst for Inculcate Moral Values and Ethics among Preschoolers. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(6), Pages 1116-1130. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i6/3143
Thapa, A., Cohen, J., Guffey, S., & Higgins-D’Alessandro, A. (2013). A Review of School Climate Research. Review of Educational Research, 83(3), 357–385. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654313483907
Thompson, C. S. (2018). The Construct of ‘Respect’ in Teacher-Student Relationships: Exploring Dimensions of Ethics of Care and Sustainable Development. Journal of Leadership Education, 17(3), 42–60. https://doi.org/10.12806/V17/I3/R3
Tsvetkov, A. (1997). Review of The Moral Intelligence of Children: How to Raise a Moral Child. Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews, 42(11), 1042–1042. https://doi.org/10.1037/001425
Umar, U., Jayanti, M. I., Kadir, A., Firdaus, A. Y., Retnoningsih, R., & Rafiuddin, R. (2025). Mapping Trends in Research on the Enhancement of Students’ Social Skills and Prosocial Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review. Educational Process International Journal, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2025.14.70
Weger, H., Castle Bell, G., Minei, E. M., & Robinson, M. C. (2014). The Relative Effectiveness of Active Listening in Initial Interactions. International Journal of Listening, 28(1), 13–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2013.813234
Wentzel, K. R., & Miele, D. B. (Eds.). (2009). Handbook of Motivation at School (0 ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203879498
Wieners, L., Van Zyl, L. E., Radstaak, M., & Schotanus-Dijkstra, M. (2021). To whom should I be kind? A randomized trial about kindness for strong and weak social ties on mental wellbeing and its specific mechanisms of change. International Journal of Wellbeing, 11(4), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v11i4.1489
Wildemuth, B. M., & Zhang, Y. (2016). Applications of Social Research Methods to Questions in Information and Library Science. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
Witenberg, R. T. (2007). The moral dimension of children’s and adolescents’ conceptualisation of tolerance to human diversity. Journal of Moral Education, 36(4), 433–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240701688002
Yalçın, V. (2021). Moral Development in Early Childhood: Benevolence and Responsibility in the Context of Children’s Perceptions and Reflections. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 16(4), 140–163. https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2021.383.8
Youngmevittaya, W. (2018.). The morality of criticism and the respect of persons.Prajñā Vihāra: Journal of Philosophy and Religion,19(2),57-57. http://www.assumptionjournal.au.edu/index.php/PrajnaVihara/article/view/3 522
Zins, J. E., Bloodworth, M. R., Weissberg, R. P., & Walberg, H. J. (2007). The Scientific Base Linking Social and Emotional Learning to School Success. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 17(2–3), 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10474410701413145