Penerapan cognitive stimulation therapy untuk meningkatkan kapasitas memori pada lansia dengan demensia di panti
Main Article Content
Abstract
Dementia is a progressive neurocognitive disorder characterized by declining memory, language abilities, and the capacity to perform daily activities. In the absence of effective pharmacological therapies, non-pharmacological interventions–particularly cognitive stimulation–have become essential strategies for maintaining cognitive function and enhancing the quality of life among older adults. This community-service program aimed to implement and evaluate a picture-guessing activity as a form of cognitive stimulation for older adults with dementia in long-term care facilities. The program was conducted in small-group sessions using image cards depicting familiar objects and everyday activities, with sessions lasting 45–60 minutes over the course of one week. Evaluation results demonstrated an increase in the mean Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score from 19.8 to 22.3 and in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score from 17.2 to 19.4 following the intervention. A significant difference was confirmed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test (p = 0.027 < 0.05). In addition, participants showed improvements in attention, naming ability, and social participation. The picture-guessing program proved to be simple, low-cost, and effective as a cognitive-stimulation approach for older adults with dementia in a social-care setting, and it holds strong potential for broader adaptation to support the well-being and quality of life of the elderly population.
Downloads
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Alvares-Pereira, G., Silva-Nunes, M. V, & Spector, A. (2021). Validation of the cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) program for people with dementia in Portugal. Aging & Mental Health, 25(6), 1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1836473
Alvares Pereira, G., Sousa, I., & Nunes, M. V. S. (2022). Cultural adaptation of cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) for Portuguese people with dementia. Clinical Gerontologist, 45(4), 891–902. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2020.1821857
Chan, A. S., Lee, T., Hamblin, M. R., & Cheung, M. (2021). Photobiomodulation enhances memory processing in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 83(4), 1471–1480. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201600
Chen, X. (2022). Effectiveness of cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) on cognition, quality of life and neuropsychiatric symptoms for patients living with dementia: A meta-analysis. Geriatric Nursing, 47, 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.07.012
Chu, C., Li, C., Brunoni, A. R., Yang, F., Tseng, P., Tu, Y., Stubbs, B., Carvalho, A. F., Thompson, T., Rajji, T. K., Yeh, T., Tsai, C., Chen, T., Li, D., Hsu, C., Wu, Y., Yu, C., & Liang, C. (2021). Cognitive effects and acceptability of non-invasive brain stimulation on Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: A component network meta-analysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 92(2), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323870
Cintoli, S., Spadoni, G., Giuliani, V., Nicoletti, V., del Prete, E., Frosini, D., Ceravolo, R., & Tognoni, G. (2025). A pilot study investigating the effectiveness, appreciation, and feasibility of a cognitive stimulation program in dementia patients: Online versus face-to-face. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 1561157. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1561157
Fisher, E., Venkatesan, S., Benevides, P., Bertrand, E., Brum, P. S., El Baou, C., Ferri, C. P., Fossey, J., Jelen, M., Laks, J., Liu, L., Mograbi, D. C., Natarajan, N., Naylor, R., Pantouli, D., Ramanujam, V., Rangaswamy, T., Santos de Carvalho, R. L., Stoner, C., Vaitheswaran, S., & Spector, A. (2024). Online cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia in Brazil and India: Acceptability, feasibility, and lessons for implementation. JMIR Aging, 7, Article e55557. https://doi.org/10.2196/55557
Gibbor, L., Yates, L., Volkmer, A., & Spector, A. (2021). Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) for dementia: A systematic review of qualitative research. Aging & Mental Health, 25(6), 980–990. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1746741
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2018). Laporan Nasional Riskesdas. Lembaga Penerbit Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/1323
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2024). Survei Kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2023. Kementerian Kesehatan.
Liu, J., Zhang, B., Cui, F., Cao, J., Yu, S., Kong, Q., & Kong, J. (2024). Scalp acupuncture targets for neurological disorders: Evidence from neuroimaging studies (part 2). Zhen Ci Yan Jiu = Acupuncture Research, 49(7), 777–786. https://doi.org/10.13702/j.1000-0607.20230016
Marinho, V., Bertrand, E., Naylor, R., Bomilcar, I., Laks, J., Spector, A., & Mograbi, D. C. (2021). Cognitive stimulation therapy for people with dementia in Brazil (CST-Brasil): Results from a single blind randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 36(2), 286–293. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5421
Nketsiah, E. T., Berg-Weger, M., & Zubatsky, M. (2025). Cognitive stimulation therapy: Making a difference for older Missourians experiencing dementia. Missouri Medicine, 122(2), 124–128. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40291524/
Orfanos, S., Gibbor, L., Carr, C., & Spector, A. (2021). Group-based cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia: A qualitative study on experiences of group interactions. Aging & Mental Health, 25(6), 991–998. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1746740
Saragih, I. D., Tonapa, S. I., Saragih, I. S., & Lee, B. (2022). Effects of cognitive stimulation therapy for people with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 128, Article 104181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104181
Smith, B. C., & D’Amico, M. (2020). Sensory-based interventions for adults with dementia and alzheimer’s disease: A scoping review. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 34(3), 171–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/7380577.2019.1608488
World Alzheimer Report. (2018). World Alzheimer Report 2018: The state of the art of dementia research: New frontiers. Alzheimer’s Disease International. https://www.alzint.org/resource/world-alzheimer-report-2018/
World Health Organization. (2023). Dementia. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia
Yang, T., Liu, W., He, J., Gui, C., Meng, L., Xu, L., & Jia, C. (2024). The cognitive effect of non-invasive brain stimulation combined with cognitive training in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 16(1), 140. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-024-01505-9